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LED Blinking using 8051 Microcontroller and Keil C – AT89C51

8051 Microcontroller is a programmable device which is used for controlling purpose. Basically 8051 controller is Mask programmable means it will programmed at the time of manufacturing and will not programmed again, there is a derivative of 8051 microcontroller, 89c51 micro controller which is re-programmable. AT89C51 89c51 is 8-bit device means it is capable of doing 8-bit operations.  It have 4 ports which are used as input or output according to your need. This device also have Timer, Serial Port interface and Interrupt controlling you can use these according to your need. The datasheet may be downloaded from...

PCB Designing using OrCad Layout 10.5

OrCad is a highly developed and complex software that provides affordable and high performance PCB designing tools for small and industrial PCB designers. But for an electronic hobbyist, OrCad may seems to be highly complicated and time consuming when compared to other PCB designing tools. OrCad 9.2 is the commonly used version but it is not compatible with 64 bit and the next best choice is OrCad 10.5 as higher versions of OrCad are highly complicated. Thus in this tutorial, we will show...

Low Power Square Wave Inverter using CD4047

Inverter is a electrical device that converts DC Power to AC. We usually use the word Inverter for the device used in our households for mains power back up. It stores electrical energy in a battery and discharges it when need. Our household inverters mainly have two parts, Battery Charging Circuit and Inverter Circuit. Battery charging circuit charges the battery when power is available, which may be mains power, solar power or any other sources and the Inverter Circuit convert...

Solar Tracker system Using LM358

We all know that a Solar Panel can be used to convert light energy to electrical energy. The amount of converted energy depends on the amount of light falling on the Panel. Generally Solar Panels are stationary devices which is fixed at a position. The produced electrical energy can be increased if we move the solar panel as the movement of the Sun. Here is a simple low cost Solar Tracker circuit which automatically moves the solar panel in the...

Wireless Sensor Networks

There is no iota of doubt that modern world is heading towards smart and bright future which very strongly presents the need of smart environment. The concept of smart environments highlights the requirement of gathering the data from the real world with the help of sensors just like human beings receive the sensory data from the surroundings using sense organs and using that collected data for diverse application areas including environmental, medical, military, transportation, entertainment, crisis management, homeland defence, and...

ULN2003 High Voltage and High Current Darlington Transistor Array

ULN2003 The ULN2003 is a monolithic IC consists of seven NPN darlington transistor pairs with high voltage and current capability. It is commonly used for applications such as relay drivers, motor, display drivers, led lamp drivers, logic buffers, line drivers, hammer drivers and other high voltage current applications. It consists of common cathode clamp diodes for each NPN darlington pair which makes this driver IC useful for switching inductive loads. Schematic Diagram of each Darlington Pair - ULN2003 The output of the driver...

Switch Debouncing

Haven't you all noticed about the fact that sometimes while pressing a remote of a TV once, the channel shifts by 2 levels or more. Some may have even seen when a tuning button of an old FM radio has pressed the channel advances more than the desired. What is the reason behind it?  Have anyone thought about it?  The answer lies within the switches. The problem is 'Switch Bounce'. Switch Bounce Switch bounce or contact bounce or even called as chatter...

MOV – Metal Oxide Varistor

We are using a number of electrical devices in daily life which deals with high voltage and current. We should be careful in supplying the voltage to the device. If  the voltage we supplied is more than that the device is designed to handle, such voltages are called transient voltage or power surge. If  the surge last too long it can end up in the burning of the components and eventually damaging the device. To protect device the from such sudden jerk...

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